rate hiking cycle

Yesterday we saw the long-awaited decision by the US Federal Reserve on interest rates. The range for the federal funds rate was raised by 75 bps to 3.75-4.00 percent, in line with market expectations. US interest rates are presently at their highest level since 2008. How did the dollar exchange rate react to the decision? The dollar and the interest rate hike The U.S. currency, as well as related markets, including gold or silver, but also U.S. stock indexes, seemed to react to the Fed's decision with increased volatility. At first, the U.S. dollar lost value, only to make up the losses during Jerome Powell's press conference. This could have had to do with the fact that Powell dashed the market's hopes for a quick end to the interest rate hike cycle, which he made clear during the conference. U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell stressed on Wednesday that it is very premature to think about halting interest rate hikes. Powell also added that "no one knows whether there will be a recession, and if so, how dangerous it will be." The road to a soft landing has narrowed, but it is still possible. Powell stressed that spending growth has slowed and the labor market situation is still good. Inflation is well above the Fed's target, and recent inflation data have been above expectations, but long-term inflation expectations remain "well-anchored" - The Fed chairman noted in statements quoted by the BBN service. Reaction of the dollar exchange rate after the Fed decision Source: Conotoxia MT5, EUR/USD, H1 The EUR/USD pair's exchange rate approached parity shortly after the decision, only to fall towards 0.9800 at the end. This could be related to the still high expectations for further interest rate hikes by the Fed. On the morning of November 3, federal funds rate futures indicated that a 50bp hike could occur in December. In February 2023, the market expects another 50 bp hike and only in March 2023, after the last hike from 25 bp, is the end of the cycle expected. The market today is pricing the end of the cycle at 5.00-5.25 percent, and only next December could see a 25bp rate cut in the U.S. to 4.75-5.00 percent, according to futures and CME exchange data. Stock markets with a bump after the Fed The Nasdaq fell 3.4 percent yesterday, the S&P 500 fell 2.1 percent, and the Dow Jones fell more than 1.5 percent. Higher interest rates, typically also mean higher interest rates on bonds and the U.S. dollar, instruments with potentially little investment risk. The higher the interest rates and the lower the risk, capital could turn away from riskier assets until they are attractively priced relative to the risk-free rate. Hence, Wall Street may continue to be under pressure until companies' earnings prospects improve or their prices become more attractive relative to interest rates.  Nevertheless, interesting companies may emerge in such an environment. One of them may be Boeing, which stands out in the Dow Jones index. The company's share price has risen 6 percent in the past week, and is up 16 percent in a month. The company reported yesterday that it could generate free cash flow of $3 billion to $5 billion in 2023, and $10 billion by the middle of the decade, as it believes it would be able to outsource the delivery of the last of its 737 and 787 aircraft to airlines, its CEO David Calhoun said on Wednesday, as quoted by BBN news service. Source: Conotoxia MT5, Boeing, Weekly Did you know that CFDs allow you to trade on both falling and rising prices? Derivatives allow you to open buy and sell positions, and thus invest on rising as well as falling quotes. At Conotoxia, you can choose from CFDs on more than 100 currency pairs. Wanting to find a CFD on USD/PLN, for example, you just need to follow 4 simple steps: To access Trading Universe - a state-of-the-art center of financial, information, investment and social products and services with a single Smart account, register here. Click "Platforms" in the "Invest&Forex" section. Choose one of the accounts: demo or live On the MT5 or cTrader platform, search for the CFD currency pair you are looking for and drag it to the chart window. Use the one-click trading option or open a new order with the right mouse button. Daniel Kostecki, Director of the Polish branch of Conotoxia Ltd. (Conotoxia investment service) Read more reviews and open a demo account at invest.conotoxia.com Materials, analysis and opinions contained, referenced or provided herein are intended solely for informational and educational purposes. Personal opinion of the author does not represent and should not be constructed as a statement or an investment advice made by Conotoxia Ltd. All indiscriminate reliance on illustrative or informational materials may lead to losses. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results. CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 75,21% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider. You should consider whether you understand how CFDs work and whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money.

To hike or to hold for the Fed this week     When the Federal Reserve last met at the beginning of May raising rates by 25bps as expected, the market reaction was relatively benign. There was little in the way of surprises with a change in the statement seeing the removal of the line that signalled more rate hikes were coming, in a welcome sign that the US central bank was close to calling a halt on rate hikes.     Despite this signalling of a possible pause, US 2-year yields are higher now than they were at the time of the last meeting.     This is primarily due to markets repricing the likelihood of rate cuts well into next year due to resilience in the labour market as well as core inflation. Some of the recent briefings from various Fed officials do suggest that a divergence of views is forming on how to move next, with a slight bias towards signalling a pause tomorrow and looking to July for the next rate hike.      At the time this didn't appear to be too problematic for the central bank given how far ahead the Federal Reserve is when it comes to its rate hiking cycle. The jobs market still looks strong, and wages are now trending above headline CPI meaning that there may be some on the FOMC who are more concerned at the message a holding of rates might send, especially given that the RBA and Bank of Canada both unexpectedly hiked rates this past few days.     With both Fed chair Jay Powell leaning towards a pause, and potential deputy Chair Philip Jefferson entertaining similar thoughts in comments made just before the blackout period, the Fed has made itself a hostage to expectations, with the ECB set to raise rates later this week, and the Bank of England set to hike next week, after today's big jump in wage growth.       This presents the Fed with a problem given that it will be very much the outlier if it holds tomorrow. Nonetheless there does appear to be increasing evidence that a pause is exactly what we will get, with the problem being in what sort of message that sends to markets, especially if markets take away the message that the Fed is done.     If the message you want to send is that another hike will come in July, why wait when the only extra data of note between now and then is another CPI and payrolls report. You then must consider the possibility that these reports might well come in weaker, undermining the commitment to July and undermining the narrative for a further hike that you say is coming, thus loosening financial conditions in the process.     While headline inflation may well be close to falling below 4% the outlook for core prices remains sticky, and at 5% on a quarterly basis, and this will be an additional challenge for the US central bank, when it updates its economic projections, and dot plots.   The Fed currently expects unemployment to rise to a median target of 4.5% by the end of this year. Is that even remotely credible now given we are currently at 3.7%, while its core PCE inflation target is 3.6%, and median GDP is at 0.4%.     As markets look to parse this week's new projections the key question will be this, is the US economy likely to be in a significantly different place between now and then, and if it isn't then surely, it's better to hike now rather than procrastinate for another 5 weeks, especially if you are, as often claimed "data dependant".       By Michael Hewson (Chief Market Analyst at CMC Markets UK)  

Rising rates and rising stock markets aren't usually a combination that sits comfortably with a lot of investors but that's exactly what we saw last week, with European markets enjoying their best week in over 2 months, while US markets and the S&P500 enjoying its best week since March.     One of the reasons behind this rebound is a belief that Chinese demand may well pick up as the authorities there implement stimulus measures to support their struggling economy.   There is also a belief that despite seeing the Federal Reserve deliver a hawkish pause to its rate hiking cycle and the ECB deliver another 25bps rate hike last week, that we are close to the peak when it comes to rate rises, even though there is a growing acceptance that interest rates aren't coming down any time soon.     We did have one notable outlier from last week and that was the Bank of Japan who left their current policy settings unchanged in the monetary policy equivalent of what could be described as sticking one's fingers in one's ears and shouting loudly, and pretending core inflation isn't already at 40-year highs.   This week, attention turns to the Swiss National Bank, as well as the Bank of England, who are both expected to follow in the ECB's footsteps and hike rates by 25bps.   The UK especially has a big inflation problem, with average wages up by 7.2% for the 3-months to April, the Bank of England, not for the first time, has allowed inflation expectations to get out of control. This was despite many warnings over the last 18-months that they were acting too slowly, even though they were the first central bank to start hiking rates.     We heard over the weekend from former Bank of England governor Mark Carney that this state of affairs wasn't surprising to him, and that Brexit was partly to blame for the UK's high inflation rate and that he was proved correct when he warned of the long-term effects back in 2016.   Aside from the fact that UK inflation is not that much higher than its European peers, Carney's intervention is a helpful reminder of what a poor job he did as Bank of England governor. At the time he warned of an economic apocalypse warning that growth would collapse and unemployment would soar, and yet here we are with a participation rate at near record levels, and an economy that isn't in recession, unlike Germany and the EU, which are.     The reality is that two huge supply shocks have hit the global economy, firstly Covid and then the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and that the UK's reliance on imported energy and lack of gas storage which has served to magnify the shock on the UK economy.   That would have happened with or without Brexit and to pretend otherwise is nonsense on stilts. If anything is to blame it is decades of poor energy policy and economic planning by successive and existing UK governments. UK inflation is also taking longer to come down due to the residual effects of the energy price cap, another misguided, and ultimately costly government policy.   Carney is probably correct about one thing, and that is interest rates are unlikely to come down any time soon, and could stay at current levels for years.   This week is likely to be a big week for the pound, currently at 14-month highs against the US dollar, with markets pricing in the prospect of another 100bps of rate hikes. UK 2-year gilt yields are already above their October peaks and at 15-year highs, although 5- and 10-year yields aren't.     This feels like an overreaction and while many UK mortgage holders are looking at UK rates with trepidation, this comes across as overpriced. It seems highly likely we will get one rate rise this week and perhaps another in August, but beyond another 50bps seems a stretch and would be a surprise.        With some US markets closed for the Juneteenth public holiday, today's European session is likely to be a quiet one, with a modestly negative open after US markets finished the end of a positive week, with their first daily decline in six days.       EUR/USD – pushed up to the 1.0970 area last week having broken above the 50-day SMA at 1.0880. We now look set for a move towards the April highs at the 1.1095 area. Support comes in at the 50-day SMA between the 1.0870/80 area.     GBP/USD – broken above previous highs this year at 1.2680 last week as well as moving above the 1.2760a area which is 61.8% retracement of the 1.4250/1.0344 down move. This puts us on course for a move towards the 1.3000 area. We now have support at 1.2630.      EUR/GBP – broken below the 0.8530/40 area negating the key reversal day last week and opening up the risk of further losses towards the 0.8350 area. Initial support at the 0.8470/80 area. Resistance at 0.8620.     USD/JPY – continues to push higher and on towards the next resistance at 142.50 which is 61.8% retracement of the 151.95/127.20 down move. Support now comes in at 140.20/30      FTSE100 is expected to open 35 points lower at 7,608     DAX is expected to open 92 points lower at 16,265     CAC40 is expected to open 34 points lower at 7,354   By Michael Hewson (Chief Market Analyst at CMC Markets UK)  

Rising rates and rising stock markets aren't usually a combination that sits comfortably with a lot of investors but that's exactly what we saw last week, with European markets enjoying their best week in over 2 months, while US markets and the S&P500 enjoying its best week since March.     One of the reasons behind this rebound is a belief that Chinese demand may well pick up as the authorities there implement stimulus measures to support their struggling economy.   There is also a belief that despite seeing the Federal Reserve deliver a hawkish pause to its rate hiking cycle and the ECB deliver another 25bps rate hike last week, that we are close to the peak when it comes to rate rises, even though there is a growing acceptance that interest rates aren't coming down any time soon.     We did have one notable outlier from last week and that was the Bank of Japan who left their current policy settings unchanged in the monetary policy equivalent of what could be described as sticking one's fingers in one's ears and shouting loudly, and pretending core inflation isn't already at 40-year highs.   This week, attention turns to the Swiss National Bank, as well as the Bank of England, who are both expected to follow in the ECB's footsteps and hike rates by 25bps.   The UK especially has a big inflation problem, with average wages up by 7.2% for the 3-months to April, the Bank of England, not for the first time, has allowed inflation expectations to get out of control. This was despite many warnings over the last 18-months that they were acting too slowly, even though they were the first central bank to start hiking rates.     We heard over the weekend from former Bank of England governor Mark Carney that this state of affairs wasn't surprising to him, and that Brexit was partly to blame for the UK's high inflation rate and that he was proved correct when he warned of the long-term effects back in 2016.   Aside from the fact that UK inflation is not that much higher than its European peers, Carney's intervention is a helpful reminder of what a poor job he did as Bank of England governor. At the time he warned of an economic apocalypse warning that growth would collapse and unemployment would soar, and yet here we are with a participation rate at near record levels, and an economy that isn't in recession, unlike Germany and the EU, which are.     The reality is that two huge supply shocks have hit the global economy, firstly Covid and then the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and that the UK's reliance on imported energy and lack of gas storage which has served to magnify the shock on the UK economy.   That would have happened with or without Brexit and to pretend otherwise is nonsense on stilts. If anything is to blame it is decades of poor energy policy and economic planning by successive and existing UK governments. UK inflation is also taking longer to come down due to the residual effects of the energy price cap, another misguided, and ultimately costly government policy.   Carney is probably correct about one thing, and that is interest rates are unlikely to come down any time soon, and could stay at current levels for years.   This week is likely to be a big week for the pound, currently at 14-month highs against the US dollar, with markets pricing in the prospect of another 100bps of rate hikes. UK 2-year gilt yields are already above their October peaks and at 15-year highs, although 5- and 10-year yields aren't.     This feels like an overreaction and while many UK mortgage holders are looking at UK rates with trepidation, this comes across as overpriced. It seems highly likely we will get one rate rise this week and perhaps another in August, but beyond another 50bps seems a stretch and would be a surprise.        With some US markets closed for the Juneteenth public holiday, today's European session is likely to be a quiet one, with a modestly negative open after US markets finished the end of a positive week, with their first daily decline in six days.       EUR/USD – pushed up to the 1.0970 area last week having broken above the 50-day SMA at 1.0880. We now look set for a move towards the April highs at the 1.1095 area. Support comes in at the 50-day SMA between the 1.0870/80 area.     GBP/USD – broken above previous highs this year at 1.2680 last week as well as moving above the 1.2760a area which is 61.8% retracement of the 1.4250/1.0344 down move. This puts us on course for a move towards the 1.3000 area. We now have support at 1.2630.      EUR/GBP – broken below the 0.8530/40 area negating the key reversal day last week and opening up the risk of further losses towards the 0.8350 area. Initial support at the 0.8470/80 area. Resistance at 0.8620.     USD/JPY – continues to push higher and on towards the next resistance at 142.50 which is 61.8% retracement of the 151.95/127.20 down move. Support now comes in at 140.20/30      FTSE100 is expected to open 35 points lower at 7,608     DAX is expected to open 92 points lower at 16,265     CAC40 is expected to open 34 points lower at 7,354   By Michael Hewson (Chief Market Analyst at CMC Markets UK)  

Oil It’s going to take a lot to change the minds of energy traders. Fears of a weaker global growth outlook are not going away anytime soon. In the US, good news is bad news as that will suggest the Fed might have to do more tightening. ​ Inflation is stubbornly high in Europe that could trigger a lot more rate hikes and a harsher recession. ​ Even comments from Delta CEO about demand outpacing expectations was unable to provide a boost for oil prices. ​ Oil is looking very vulnerable here as it is getting close again to the spring lows near the upper mid- $60s. One more plunge and that should make OPEC+ very nervous. A drop below the $67.50 level could ​ trigger momentum selling that won’t stop until the $62.50 region.   Gold Gold remains under pressure as the US consumer still looks strong. Today’s economic data in the US painted a picture of a resilient economy that could be subject to further Fed tightening. The ECB also signaled there is no end in sight for their rate hiking cycle and that has also helped send Global Bond yields higher. It has been pretty ugly for gold since early May and if expectations grow for further Fed tightening, that could send gold tentatively below the $1900 level.      

US non-farm payrolls (Jun) – 07/07 – the US jobs market has continued to confound expectations for all this year, and it is this factor that is making the Federal Reserve's job in trying to return inflation to its target rate much harder to achieve. When the May payrolls report was released a month ago, we once again saw a bumper number, this time of 339k, with April revised up to 294k. The resilience of the jobs market has also been a little embarrassing for the economics profession, comfortably beating forecasts for the 14th month in succession. It also presents a problem for the Federal Reserve in the context of whether to to stick or twist when it comes to more rate hikes in the coming months. We've already seen a pause in June, however the commitment to raise rates by another 50bps by year end has got markets a little nervous, driving yields higher at the short end of the yield curve. For June, forecasts are again for a number below 300k, at 213k. We did see a rise in the unemployment rate from 3.4% to 3.7% while the participation rate remained steady at 62.6%. Wages also remained steady at 4.3%, however we also know that job vacancies after briefly dipping below 10m in March, rose strongly again in April to 10.1m. Against this sort of backdrop the Federal Reserve had to downgrade its forecast for end of year unemployment from 4.5% to 4.1%. Even with this adjustment it's hard to see how this will play out unless we see a significant rise in the participation rate, and vacancies start to disappear.         RBA rate decision – 04/07 – having paused earlier this year when it came to their own rate hiking cycle the RBA now appears to be playing catchup. Having caught the markets by surprise in April by hiking rates by 25bps, they followed that up in May by another 25bps rate increase pushing the cash rate up to 4.1%. The sudden hawkish shift in stance appears to have been prompted by stinging criticism over its failure to spot early enough the inflation surge seen at the end of 2021, and through 2022. They were hardly unique in this, with other central banks being similarly caught out, however their response has been fairly tepid, in comparison to the likes of the RBNZ where rates are much higher at 5.5%. This suggests that the RBA might feel it has to overcompensate in the opposite direction, running the risk of them tightening too hard and unsettling the housing market. Will the RBA raise rates again or decide to wait and see.               Manufacturing PMIs (Jun) – 03/07 –. recent flash PMI numbers suggest that the underperformance in manufacturing has continued in June with activity in Germany falling to its lowest level since March 2020, at 41, and the initial Covid lockdowns. In France we saw similar weakness albeit slightly higher at 45.5. Of slightly great concern has been weakness in Chinese economic activity with weak demand there feeding into a global narrative that the economy is slowing, weighed down by higher costs and varying degrees of supply chain disruption. Economic activity in Italy and Spain has also been weak, however on the plus side they have managed to outperform France and Germany. If the eurozone is to avoid a 3rd quarter of negative growth then it is Italy and Spain that might allow them to do it. 

EUR/USD excessively overbought? The euro-dollar ascent was mostly a one-way move for most of July.  After inflation eased to the slowest pace in more than two years, the dollar tumbled.  With the Fed entering their blackout period before the July 26th FOMC meeting, the lack of hawkish pushback has allowed the dollar to remain vulnerable to further pain just ahead of the 1.1300 handle.  Bullish momentum has cleared multiple hurdles but the 1.1350 level should prove to be rather strong. While the end of the Fed’s tightening cycle appears to be in place, expectations are shifting that the ECB might not be that far from pausing their rate hiking cycle.  Today’s comment from ECB’s Knot, a well-known hawk, suggested that they could be ready to pause in September and that it might hinge on the inflation data going forward. All eyes will be on the Wednesday’s second reading of euro-area inflation. The EUR/USD daily chart displays a potential bearish butterfly pattern. Point D is targeted with the 1.414 1.414% Fibonacci expansion level of the X to A move and the B to C leg.  If dollar strength emerges here, downside could target the 1.1050 level. If invalidated, bullish momentum could surge above the 1.1300 region, potentially targeting the 1.1450 resistance zone.     USD/JPY dead-cat-bounce or sustainable rally? The plunge for dollar-yen accelerated after last week’s cooler-than-expected inflation report shifted Fed rate hike expectations. The macro backdrop has mostly seen investors calling for pain for the Japanese yen since 2021.  Hedge funds ramped up bearish yen bets(according to the COT report for the week through July 11th), taking their net short positions to the largest level since last May. Now the focus also includes the BOJ, which includes some disappointment with keeping the BOJ keeping Yield Curve Control intact. Yen volatility could remain excessive if the Fed signals more tightening might need to be done after the July 26th FOMC meeting and if BOJ doesn’t tweak their policy. Over the next couple of weeks, it seems that the yen rally will either cool towards 141.50 (a temporary recovery) or we will see it surge below 136.00 (the downtrend remains in place).        

The Commodities Feed: Middle distillates firm up US economic data proved supportive for crude prices yesterday by signalling that the Federal Reserve could now be nearing the end of its rate hiking cycle. Today's calendar is fairly quiet, with just the usual EIA inventory numbers to note.   Energy – $80/bbl remains in play for Brent Bad news still appears to be good news when it comes to US economic data. US retail sales for June came in below market expectations, whilst industrial production came in much weaker than anticipated. While this will do little to change expectations for a Federal Reserve rate hike next week, it does suggest that it could be the last of the hiking we see from the central bank, particularly following the softer than expected CPI release last week. Oil has reacted positively to the expectation that we are approaching the end of the hiking cycle. ICE Brent settled more than 1.4% higher yesterday, leaving the market in striking distance of the US$80/bbl level. Given the tightening that we expect in the oil market as we move through the second half of this year, we believe it is only a matter of time before Brent moves above US$80/bbl. How convincing this move will be will really depend on whether we see a big shift in speculative sentiment. Whilst we have seen an increase in speculative buying in recent weeks, historically it is still fairly modest, particularly when you consider the tightening that is expected in the physical market US inventory numbers released overnight from the API show that there were draws across the board over the last week. Crude oil inventories fell by 797Mbbls, which was less than the roughly 2.5MMbbls decline the market was expecting. Crude stocks at Cushing fell by 3MMbbls, while gasoline and distillate inventories declined by 2.8MMbbls and 100Mbbls respectively. Overall, the numbers were fairly neutral. The more widely followed Energy Information Administration (EIA) report will be released later today. The middle distillate market remains well supported with the prompt ICE gasoil time spread trading at more than a US$4/t backwardation, whilst the prompt ICE gasoil crack has strengthened to more than US$22/bbl. There has been revived speculative interest in middle distillates recently, with speculators buying almost 23k lots of ICE gasoil over the last reporting week to leave them with a net long just shy of 33k lots. This buying has been driven by a combination of fresh longs as well as short covering. Since early May, speculators have bought more than 65k lots in ICE gasoil. Clearly, sentiment in the market has shifted quite drastically, and this is not too surprising when looking at the drawdown in ARA gasoil inventories in recent weeks. Insights Global data shows that gasoil inventories in ARA have fallen by 577kt since mid-May, leaving stocks at 1.93mt- 16% below the 5-year average. The second batch of Chinese trade data for June was released yesterday, which showed strong exports for gasoline and jet fuel with refiners having increased run rates (up 11% year-on-year). Gasoline exports in June increased 30.7% YoY to 950kt, which takes year-to-date exports to 6.17mt, up 10.9% YoY. Meanwhile, jet fuel exports grew by more than 109% YoY to 1.08mt in June, leaving year-to-date exports at 6.74mt, an increase of 57.3% YoY. Diesel exports over the month were weaker, falling 12.4% YoY to 290kt. However, year-to-date diesel exports are still very strong, up more than 263% YoY to a total of 7.49mt. The latest China trade data also shows that LNG imports in June totalled 5.96mt, up 24% YoY – and this is after imports in May grew 30% YoY. Stronger imports in recent months have made up for the weaker flows seen earlier in the year. As a result, cumulative LNG imports over the first six months of the year totalled 33.62mt, up a little more than 7% YoY. This still leaves us below the roughly 10% import demand growth we were expecting for the year as a whole. China is still very quiet in the spot market, and it appears that term contract volumes are adequate to meet domestic demand. We would likely need to see a recovery in Chinese industrial production before we see stronger LNG demand, as industrial demand makes up the bulk of Chinese natural gas demand.

ECB decision – 27/07  If the Fed is close to the end of its rate hiking cycle which appears to be looking increasingly likely then the pressure for the ECB to be more aggressive in its own battle against inflation could recede. We've already seen the euro rise sharply against the US dollar which is in itself deflationary and will help. Furthermore, factory gate prices in German and Italy have been in freefall for months now, so while core CPI has remained sticky and close to record highs, it's also important to remember that the ECB has pushed rates from 2% to 4% this year already. We expect to see another 25bps this week, however the consensus that was so prevalent at the start of this year of more aggressive rate hikes is already starting to fray on the governing council, with the Stournaras of the Bank of Greece pushing back strongly against the idea of more aggressive action. He hasn't been the only one however, and we've also started to see more vocal political opposition to further tightening from Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni who has been publicly critical of the ECB when it comes to recent rate hikes.

Fed set to raise rates to a 22 year high   European markets have seen a cautiously positive start to the week, buoyed by hopes of further stimulus measures from Chinese authorities in the wake of recent poor economic data. The FTSE100 has been a key beneficiary of this, putting in a two-month high yesterday.   The modest improvement in sentiment has also been helped in some part by the recent retreat in short term yields which is being driven by the hope that central banks won't have to hike rates as aggressively as thought a few weeks ago. Both German and UK 2-year yields have fallen sharply from their highs this month on this basis, helped by inflation which appears to be slowing more quickly than expected.     US markets have also put together a strong run of gains with the Dow and S&P500 hitting their highest levels since April 2022, on the back of optimism that the start of this week's earnings numbers will live up to the high expectations place on them.   Last night's initial reaction to the numbers from Microsoft, and Google owner Alphabet would suggest that optimism might be justified against a backdrop of a still resilient US economy, and a Federal Reserve that looks set to be close to the end of its rate hiking cycle.           Today's expected 25bps Fed rate hike, after last month's pause, looks set to be the last rate rise this year, whatever Fed policymakers would have you believe.   We may hear officials try and make the case for at least one more between now and the end of the year but given recent trends around US inflation its quite likely that PPI will go negative in July.   While Powell will try and make the case for further rate hikes, his time would be better spent in making the case for rates remaining higher for longer, and projecting when the FOMC expected the 2% target to be met. Core prices remain too high even with headline CPI at 3%, and it is here that the Fed will likely focus its and the market's attention.     If headline CPI continues to fall in the way, it has been doing the Fed will struggle to convince the markets that it would continue hiking rates against such a backdrop.   As things stand markets are already pricing in the prospect that this will be the last rate rise in the current hiking cycle given recent declines in the US dollar and US yields. With the next Fed meeting coming in September the market will have to absorb two more inflation reports and two more jobs' reports. Nonetheless the Fed will be keen to prevent the market pricing in rate cuts which was one of the key challenges earlier this year.   With inflation slowing and the jobs market resilient the US economy is currently in a bit of a goldilocks moment. This will be the challenge for Powell today, as he tries to steer the market into believing that the Fed could hike rates some more. We also shouldn't forget that we will get fresh messaging at the end of August at the Jackson Hole annual symposium.     EUR/USD – retreated from the 1.1275 area which is 61.8% retracement of the 1.2350/0.9535 down move, with the next key support at the 1.0980 level.  Currently have resistance at the 1.1120 area.   GBP/USD – appears to have found a base at 1.2795/00, breaking a run of 7 daily losses. While above the 50-day SMA the uptrend from the March lows remains intact with the next resistance at the 1.3020 area.     EUR/GBP – last week's failure at the 0.8700 area has seen the euro slip back, with the risk that we could revisit the recent lows at 0.8500/10.   USD/JPY – the rebound from the 200-day SMA at 137.20, appears to have run out of steam at the 142.00 area, however the bias remains for a move lower while below the recent highs of 145.00.   FTSE100 is expected to open 10 points lower at 7,681   DAX is expected to open 25 points higher at 16,236   CAC40 is expected to open 35 points lower at 7,380  

Yen moves higher as Bank of Japan tweaks YCC By Michael Hewson (Chief Market Analyst at CMC Markets UK) European markets saw a strong session yesterday, buoyed by the belief that the central banks could be done when it comes to further rate hikes, after the ECB followed the Fed by raising rates by 25bps and then suggesting that a pause might be on the table when they next meet in September. The mood was also helped by a strong set of US economic numbers which pointed to a goldilocks scenario for the US economy.     US markets also opened strongly with the S&P500 pushing above the 4,600 level and its highest level since March 2022, before retreating and closing sharply lower, with the Dow closing lower, breaking a run of 13 days of gains. Sentiment abruptly changed during the US session on reports that the Bank of Japan might look at a possible "tweak" to its yield curve control policy at its latest policy meeting earlier this morning.     This report, coming only hours before today's scheduled meeting, caught markets on the hop somewhat pushing the Japanese yen higher against the US dollar, while pushing US 10-year yields back above 4%. With Japanese core inflation above 4% there was always the possibility that the Bank of Japan might spring a surprise, or at least lay the groundwork for a possible tweak. The Bank of Japan has form for when it comes to wrong footing the market, and so it has proved, as at today's meeting they announced that they would allow the upper limit on the 10-year yield to move from 0.5% to 1%. They would do this by offering to purchase JGBs at 1% every day through fixed rate operations, effectively raising the current cap by 50bps, and sending the yen sharply higher. The central bank also raised its 2023 inflation forecast to 2.5% from 1.8%, while nudging its 2024 forecast lower to 1.9%.     As far as today's price action is concerned, the late decline in the US looks set to translate into a weaker European open, even though confidence is growing that the Fed is more or less done when it comes to its rate hiking cycle. Nonetheless, investors will be looking for further evidence of this with the latest core PCE deflator, as well as personal spending and income data for June, later this afternoon to support the idea of weaker inflation. Anything other than a PCE Core Deflator slowdown to 4.2% from 4.6%, could keep the prospect of a 25bps September hike on the table for a few weeks more. Both personal spending and income data are expected to improve to 0.4% and 0.5% respectively.     We're also expecting a tidal wave of European GDP and inflation numbers, which are expected to confirm a weaker economic performance than was the case in Q1, starting with France Q2 GDP which is expected to slow to 0.1% from 0.2%. The Spanish economy is also expected to slow from 0.6% to 0.4% in Q2. On the inflation front we'll be getting an early look at the latest inflation numbers for June from France and Germany as well as PPI numbers for Italy. France flash CPI for June is expected to slow to 5.1% from 5.3%, while Germany CPI is expected to slow to 6.6% from 6.8%. With PPI inflation acting as a leading indicator for weaker inflation for all of this year the latest Italy PPI numbers will be scrutinised for further weakness in the wake of a decline of -3.1% in May on a month-on-month basis and a -6.8% decline on a year-on-year basis.       EUR/USD – failed to follow through above the 1.1120 area, subsequently slipping back, falling below the 1.1000 area, which could see a retest of the 1.0850 area which is the lows of the last 2 weeks. Below 1.0850 targets a move back to the June lows at 1.0660.   GBP/USD – slipped back from the 1.3000 area, falling back below the Monday lows with the risk we could retest the 50-day SMA and trend line support at the 1.2710. While above this key support the uptrend from the March lows remains intact.       EUR/GBP – struggling to rally, with resistance at the 0.8600 area, and support at the recent lows at 0.8500/10. Above the 0.8600 area targets the highs last week at 0.8700/10.   USD/JPY – while below the 142.00 area, the bias remains for a move lower, with the move below 139.70 targeting a potential move towards the 200-day SMA at 137.20.   FTSE100 is expected to open 24 points lower at 7,668   DAX is expected to open 38 points lower at 16,368   CAC40 is expected to open 20 points lower at 7,445

05:40BST Wednesday 23rd August 2023 Flash PMIs set to weaken further in August   By Michael Hewson (Chief Market Analyst at CMC Markets UK)     The FTSE100 managed to finally break its worst run of losses since 2019 yesterday, posting its first daily gain since the 10th August. The gains were hard-won however with the index trying retreating from its daily highs and failing for the second day in a row to consolidate a move above 7,300. The rest of Europe managed to do slightly better, outperforming and closing higher for the 2nd day in a row, although still closing well off the highs of the day.       US markets on the other hand after starting strongly slipped back after European markets had closed, sliding back on comments from Richmond Fed President Thomas Barkin who said the Fed needed to be open to the prospect the US economy might re-accelerate which might mean the central bank might need to hike rates further and keep them higher for longer, pushing the US dollar to its highs for the day in the process. Despite the weaker finish for US markets, the resilience in Asia markets looks set to see European markets open slightly higher later this morning.  The last set of flash PMIs saw German manufacturing slide to its lowest levels since the Covid lockdowns at 38.8 in further signs that the engine of the German economy continues to stutter. Weak demand in its key export markets as well as domestically, along with higher energy prices weighing on economic activity.       The only bright spot was services which came in at 52.3, but even here economic activity was slower, and both sectors are expected to weaken further in August further complication the task of the ECB which is expected to signal a pause in its rate hiking cycle next month. Manufacturing activity is expected to soften further to 38.6, while services is expected to slip to 51.5. Economic activity in France was also disappointing in July, although the underperformance was more evenly distributed with both manufacturing and services both in contraction heading into Q3. Manufacturing slipped to 45.1 in July and services dropped to 47.1. With energy prices rising sharply over the last few weeks, it's hard to imagine a scenario that will see a significant improvement given the weakness seen in China and other overseas markets. Manufacturing is forecast to come in at 45, and services at 47.5.     While economic activity has been slowing in Europe, the UK has also seen similar slowdowns in both manufacturing and services, although the composite PMI is just about hanging on in expansion territory, unlike its peers across the Channel.     Construction has been a notable strong point, however the focus today is on manufacturing which slowed to 45.3 in July, while services slowed from 53.7 in June to 51.5 in July. The recent GDP numbers for June showed a strong performance, however Q3 is likely to be much more challenging, with higher oil and gas prices likely to filter through at the petrol pump. UK manufacturing is expected to slow to 45, and services to 51.     US manufacturing and services look set to be more resilient at 49 and 52 respectively.      EUR/USD – continues to find support just above the 1.0830 area. Below 1.0830 targets the 200-day SMA at 1.0790 and trend line support from the March lows at 1.0750. Still feels range bound with resistance at the 1.1030 area.     GBP/USD – failing at the 50-day SMA again and the 1.2800 area. We need to see a move through the 1.2800 area, to signal potential towards 1.3000. A break below 1.2600 targets 1.2400.           EUR/GBP – sinking towards support at the 0.8520/30 area. A move below 0.8500 could see 0.8480. Above the 100-day SMA at 0.8580 targets the 0.8720 area.     USD/JPY – failed to push above the 146.50 area yesterday,but while above the 144.80 area bias remains for a move towards 147.50. Below the 144.80 area, targets a move back to the 143.10 area.     FTSE100 is expected to open 10 points higher at 7,280     DAX is expected to open 42 points higher at 15,747     CAC40 is expected to open 14 points higher at 7,255

Shouldn't market rates be falling by now? No, not yet and we'll tell you why they remain under upward pressure. Most of it reflects US resilience; that's reflected in the market discount to where rates get cut in the future, and that discount remains relatively tame. In fact, delivery of that discount justifies 10yr rates being higher versus now.   The rise in US market rates has been pulling eurozone ones higher One of the most persistent trends in the past number of months has been the re-widening of spreads between US and eurozone market rates. We tend to look at the 10yr differential here, as it's well clear of a direct central bank influence. The Treasury – (German) Bund spread, the classic reference, is now back out to 165bp. It was below 100bp in April. A better reference is the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) – (eurozone) ESTR spread, and that 10yr spread is now out to 100bp. It was around 25bp in April. The big driver of this has been US macro resilience, so much so that the upward pressure on US market rates has been strong enough to pull eurozone market rates up with them. So what now? A limited rate cut discount limits the ability for eurozone market rates to fall On the eurozone side, it seems that the European Central Bank is intent on remaining in a hiking mode even as activity gets hurt more, all in an effort to kill inflation. And European inflation has shown itself to be that bit stickier than its US counterpart. As a stand-alone impact, higher ECB rates heighten carry costs and place natural upward pressure on rates right out the curve. But there are also forces there that can cause longer-dated market rates to fall, namely the end of the rate hiking cycle, as longer rates would then begin to focus on where the ECB will be 18 months from now. That’s far enough forward to have a reasonable feel. It is currently discounted at cumulative cuts of around 100bp. That’s not a lot and provides little room for lower long tenor rates. Delivery of the US rate cut discount rationalises higher longer tenor rates In the US, there is a similar narrative in play. The size of discounted rate cuts is more - closer to 125bp - so not dramatically more. Again, that allows very little room for longer tenor rates to fall. Currently, 1yr SOFR is 5.5%, and 10yr SOFR is just under 4%, for example. So if the 1yr SOFR rate were to fall by 125bp, it would bring it to 4.25%, and that’s still higher than the current 10yr SOFR rate of just under 4%. And remember, when we get to the end of the next rate-cutting cycle, we should have an upward-sloping curve, typically 50bp at minimum. Based on that, longer tenor rates need to be higher than they currently are, both in the US and in the eurozone. And. by the way, in the US, there is an elevated supply projection to get worried about too. It's one that rationalises higher rates and steeper curves with all other things being equal.   We continue to identify net upwards pressure on market rates That all being said, when - or if - something really breaks in the US, there could be a radical re-pricing rate of cuts to come, pushing the discount towards much lower levels. That would be a game-changer, allowing longer tenor rates some run-way to move lower. But until - or if - that happens, the path of least resistance is for longer tenor (say the 10yr) rates to remain under upward pressure in the US and the eurozone and for curves to remain under dis-inversion (steepening) pressure. So, to sum all that up, we remain bearish on bonds and anticipate further upward pressure on market rates from a tactical view.  

  Services PMIs (Aug) – 05/09 – for most of this year it has been notable that services PMIs have managed to offset the weakness in manufacturing PMIs in the form of keeping economies afloat. The strength of the services sector has been a major factor behind the hawkishness of central banks in their efforts to contain inflation with prices in this sector proving to be much stickier than other areas of the economy. This thinking appears to be starting to shift after some poor flash PMI numbers a couple of weeks ago.   These numbers saw after a sharp slide in services sector activity in both France and Germany during August to 46.7 and 47.3, with Italy and Spain also set to show a similar slowdown. The UK also saw a slide to 48.7, in a sign that higher prices were finally starting to constrain consumer spending. These numbers could well be the final piece of the puzzle when it comes to whether the ECB decides to pause its rate hiking cycle, even as August inflation saw an unwelcome tick higher.